Prisons and Jails Essay Example for Free

Prisons and Jails Essay Almost all nations and cultures have made laws to protect their citizens. From the early years and over the decades these laws have been kept in force to prevent the societies from experiencing situations of anarchy. Different punishment has been provided for in different countries to prevent its people from adopting a path and practice of criminal activities. The world of today is characterized by the presence of criminals who are brought to book and punished in a variety of ways depending on the culture and values of any country or society. Prisoners have been locked up in prisons and meted out with terms that include punishment by way of a rigorous regimen of hard labor while undergoing the term as also milder ones that may include a stint in reformatory homes. Historically punishments have ranged from corporal punishment to death penalty, Several countries have for long been awarding the death penalty for committing heinous crimes that were executed in several forms that included, hanging, guillotine, by firing squad, lynching and now electric chair. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi is the oldest record available to ascertain that a egal system existed to award punishment in the Middle East. Western countries were influenced by and followed the laws enacted in ancient Rome whereby each city had a court that worked under the Law of Twelve Tables so as to protect citizens and to make the rulers and governments effective. The Justinian Code is considered to be the most logical and effective legal system that was most effective in ancient times whereby punishment was meted out by the process of Law. In due course people began to realize the value of a legal system that protected citizens and each country began to appoint heriffs to deal with punishments and the justice system became a major part of society although they were never fool proof and were always characterized by shortcomings that put a question mark on the efficiency of the judiciary. In ancient times the justice and reform system was often misused when criminals were hung on crosses, sometimes tortured to death or placed in dungeons to die. Those citizens who protested were also treated as criminals and tortured or put behind bars. It was during this time, in the 19th century and mainly in the Roman Empire that civil justice was effectively implemented nd more prisons were built to punish criminals humanely. This soon had effect on the rest of the world and with the emergence of the modern world more prisons were built and departments set up to manage them effectively. With the widespread maturing of the legal system over the decades, more and more criminals were brought to book and the law abiding citizens heaved a sigh of relief especially during the time of the Queen of Britain at the turn of the 19th century. Under the new system the criminal was given an opportunity to prove himself innocent and the overnment had to prove a person to be guilty of crime within the prevailing provisions of law, before he could be sentenced to a term of punishment and imprisonment. Although capital punishment continued to prevail but it was awarded in the rarest of rare cases. Over the years with the influence of Human Rights Organizations and Civil Rights Movements, the trend has set in to rather reform the wrong doers than to award extreme penalties by giving sentenced criminals opportunities to amend themselves and to come back within the mainstream of society. Under the system convicts are put on probation or parole under the watchful eyes of probation officers appointed by courts to ensure that such people remain disciplined and strictly follow the code of conduct as outlined by the court. The view of punishment taken by society has changed dramatically over the years. Initially punishment comprised of physical torture, maiming, death by burning, hard labor, deprivation of food adequate clothing and shelter, but attitudes of the society have changed now and the belief is to punish by way of imprisonment of varying periods epending on the severity of the crime. Imprisonment today is considered punishment for one’s wrong doings, which is also consistent with the society’s objective of keeping such people aloof until they are reformed to lead a normal life within society. To insist that a person is sent to prison so that he is punished is wrong in today’s context since after he completes his term he has the justification to return to his old ways. Hence prison authorities today have a duty to fulfill by way of reforming the convict during his term so as to transform him into a more responsible citizen. It is for this reason that in most countries modern society is characterized by a prison and punishment system that strongly believes that the most effective form of punishment is to deprive the convict of his freedom until he is reformed. In this context the composition and diversity of prison population in America has been examined and found that presently over two million people are in American prisons. This does indicate that modern society has now been characterized by a pattern, which clearly indicates that the government is duty bound to ensure freedom to criminals once their 4 rison terms are over and that they gel back into society with a tag of respect and positive aspirations. The changing attitudes and trends have seen a constant inflow of inmates in the Federal, State and local prisons. The Federal government held a majority of 63% of the inmates while local municipal and county jails held 30%, and the remaining being accounted for in other prisons.. Most states have been experiencing a 5% increase in the number of inmates over the last three years. Private prisons held about 86626 prisoners which accounts for about 7% of the inmates in American prison. A private prison is a place in which convicts are physically detained by a private organization for profit at the instance of the legal authorities. These companies enter into an agreement with the federal government to take care of and reform and motivate prisoners and claim from them a fixed fee amount per prisoner. There are about 264 private prisons/correctional facilities in the United States that take care of about 110000 offenders. The concept of private prisons was floated to reduce government expenses in the long run, but the scheme has not worked effectively due to private sector neffectiveness with convicts, and having realized this the federal government is not encouraging further addition to their numbers. The number of private prisons is now set to decline gradually. Rates of imprisonment have greatly increased due to increase in the rate of criminal offences, which is considered a consequence of the fast track development that is taking place in the modern world. More delinquencies resulting from human inadequacies to tolerate inequalities have resulted in people taking the course first towards minor crimes and then graduating to bigger ones and then ultimately falling into legal traps that lead to their conviction and further imprisonment. In America imprisonment is the most common sentence in legislation for serious offences in terms of dealing with criminal activities, which explains the high number of prisoners in jails. Only effective and well targeted correction measures and programs can reduce criminal offending and over time there is good reason to target investment in preventive approaches for the betterment of those undergoing prison sentences. As discussed earlier, in the modern world the biggest punishment for a criminal is to urtail his freedom for the duration of his sentence and during this time it is the duty of the jail administration to make him undergo a rigorous regimen of correction and transformation into a more responsible and law abiding citizen. The American government has an arrangement in place whereby all jail administrators are to undergo a training program to specialize in dealing with and reforming convicts and to encourage them in displaying their creativity and interests so that when their prison term is over they can lead the life style that is in keeping with that of a responsible and respectable citizen. The American judicial and correction system is such that it is considered to be one of the most liberal in terms of providing guarantees of human rights and opportunities for misguided people to reform themselves. There are several government sponsored programs that provide for opportunities for such people to reestablish themselves for a better means of livelihood. The punishment part for their wrong doings gets over the moment they finish with the duration of their prison sentence and after that they can look forward to a happier life free of the stigma that attaches to a person of such background.

Lincoln Assassination :: essays research papers

he Lincoln Assassination On April, 14 1865 President Abraham Lincoln was shot while watching a performance of An American Cousin at Ford’s Theater. President Lincoln died the next morning. The person who had killed Lincoln was John Wilkes Booth. A few days before he was killed, Lincoln had told his spouse about a dream he had, he saw a president shrouded on a catafalque in the east room of the White House. Even after this dream he attended An American Cousin at Ford’s Theater. John Wilkes Booth thought the president was determined to destroy the constitution, set aside the rights reserved to the states, crush civil liberties, and restore monarchy. He saw the confederacy was the only means to of upholding the values of the founding fathers. He devoted much of late 1864 and early 1865 to a series of plots to abduct Lincoln and use his capture to nullify the Union’s war aims. Every scheme ending in frustration. After Lee had surrendered to the Army of the Potomac, in the second week of April, he saw that only the most desperate measures offered any hope of salvaging the Southern Cause. Shortly before he went into the theater, he stopped at tavern for a drink. While in the bar an acquaintance jokingly remarked that "he would never be as great as his father," Booth replied by saying "When I leave the stage, I will be the most talked about man in America." The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 In the spring of 1864, Gen. W. T. Sherman concentrated the Union armies of G. H. Thomas, J. B. McPherson, and J. M. Schofield around Chattanooga. On May 6 he began to move along the railroad from Chattanooga to Atlanta. Sherman had two objectives, one was to destroy the army of General J. E. Johnston and the other was to capture Atlanta. Johnston realizing that he was outnumbered started to retreat south. Sherman tried a direct assault on Johnston’s forces and was repulsed. Johnston had retreated back to the south bank of the Chattahoochee river. On July 17, John Bell Hood replaced Johnston as General. He tried to continue with Johnston’s plan, but failed to stop the advance of Union troops. He retired to Atlanta, which Sherman soon had under bombardment. On September 1 Hood abandoned Atlanta, the next day Sherman moved in and burned it. The Maryland Invasion A year after the confederate defeat at Gettysburg.

Janamashtmi

Krishna Janmashtami (Devanagari ami), also known as Krishnashtami, Saatam Aatham, Gokulashtami, Ashtami Rohini, Srikrishna Jayanti, Sree Jayanthi or sometimes merely as Janmashtami, is a Hindu festival celebrating the birth of Krishna, an Avatar of the Hindu deity Vishnu. [1] Krishna Janmashtami is observed on the Ashtami tithi, the eighth day of the dark half or Krishna Paksha of the month of Bhadrapada in the Hindu calendar, when the Rohini Nakshatra is ascendant. The festival always falls within mid-August to mid-September in the Gregorian calendar. In 2010, for example, the festival was celebrated on 2nd September, while in 2011, the festival will be celebrated on 22nd August. Rasa lila, dramatic enactments of the life of Krishna, are a special feature in regions of Mathura and Vrindavan, and regions following Vaishnavism in Manipur. While the Rasa lila re-creates the flirtatious aspects of Krishna's youthful days, the Dahi Handi celebrate God's playful and mischievous side, where teams of young men form human pyramids to reach a high-hanging pot of butter and break it. This tradition, also known as uriadi, is a major event in Tamil Nadu on Gokulashtami. Significance Statue of baby Krishna being carried in a basket, protected by seven hooded serpent, by Vasudeva across the Yamuna river at midnight The ritual is to fast the previous day (Saptami, seventh day), which is followed by a night-long vigil commemorating the birth of Krishna at midnight in the jail where his maternal uncle Kansa was keeping them captive, and his immediate removal by his father Vasudeva to a foster-home for safe-keeping. At midnight, the idol of the infant Krishna is bathed, adorned in new clothes and jewellery, placed in a cradle and worshiped. The fast is completed after aarti, a special prayer. At day break, ladies draw patterns of little children's footprints outside the house with rice-flour paste, walking towards the house. This symbolizes the entry of the infant Krishna into his foster-home i. e. their homes. In South India Celebration of Lord Krishna's birthday as Srijayanthi in an Iyengar's house in South India In the south, the festival is celebrated as Sri Krishnajanmashtami, Janmashtami or Gokulashtami. In Tamil Nadu, Brahmins (Iyers & Iyengars), Yadhavars, Chettiars and Pillais celebrate the festival. Uriadi or climbing a stick containing a pot of sweet curds is also a major event in Varahur and other parts of Tamil Nadu. The pooja is performed late in the evening, timed according to the Hindu calendar to coincide with the birth of Krishna at midnight. Generally, most of the sweets and savouries are prepared on that day. Normally, a kolam (rice flour drawings on ground), also known as rangoli, drawn specially for the occasion, called ezhakoolam, decorates the front yard. Footprints representing those of Krishna are drawn from the front yard to the pooja room, representing the god entering the devotee's home. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu In Karnataka, Madhwas (Vaishnavas) (followers of saint Madhwacharya), Iyengars and Srivaishnavas, (followers of saint Ramanujacharya) and Smarthas (followers of Adi Shankara) make elaborate preparations for the festival. The idol of Lord Krishna is placed in a decorated mantapa. Bhakshanam (snacks and sweets in Sanskrit), that are specially prepared for the festival, are offered to Lord Krishna along with fruits and are considered to be his favourites. In some parts of Karnataka, chakli, avalakki and bellada panaka are prepared especially for the festival. Hand made avalakki is prepared in memory of Krishna's friend Sudhama. Legend has it that Sudhama had once offered avalakki to Krishna, as it was considered to be one of his favourite snacks. Gamaka vachana and other devotional activities are held in the evening. Divergent traditions among Srivaishnavas Within the Sri Vaishnava(Iyengar) brahmins (who are mostly found in the Tamil Nadu state, and a considerable number in Karnataka as well), there have developed slight differences as to when to observe Sri Jayanti. There is also disagreement as to how exactly to observe the day. Should one observe upavAsa through the night, ceremonially breaking the fast the next morning, or should one eat immediately after the midnight pooja and aradhana? Broadly, there are five different opinions within the Sri Vaishnava tradition concerning this matter. The different sub-traditions are Pancaratra, Munitraya, Mannar, Tozhappar and Vaikhanasa. In a nutshell, the difference stems from lunar vs. solar month and whether to take sunrise or moonrise into consideration for determining jayanti. Among Vadakalai Iyengars – The Pancaratra tradition is followed by Shri Ahobila Mutt, Munitraya tradition by Srirangam Srimadh Andavan Ashramam along with some other acharya purusha families, and the Mannar tradition is followed by Sri Parakala Mutt. It is named after one mannAr svAmi of unknown date who is the first extant authority arguing for this calculation. The tozhappar tradition is named after Sri Vaidika Sarvabhauma Swami, also known as Kidambi Thozhappar, who wrote a detailed text establishing the reasoning behind his tradition. [2] The Thenkalai iyengars adhere to the Vaikhanasa tradition. In Maharashtra Jay Bharat Seva Sangh (Lower Parel)forming human tower to break the Dahi handi Govinda Pathaks forming human tower to break the Dahi handi Janmaashtami, popularly known in Mumbai and Pune as Dahi Handi, is celebrated with enormous zeal and enthusiasm. The handi is a clay pot filled with buttermilk that was positioned at a convenient height prior to the event. The topmost person on the human pyramid tries to break the handi by hitting it with a blunt object. When that happens the buttermilk is spilled over the entire group, symbolizing their achievement through unity. Various handis are set up locally in several parts of the city, and groups of youngsters, called govinda, travel around in trucks trying to break as many handis as possible during the day. Many such Govinda Pathaks compete with each other, especially for the handis that dole out hefty rewards. The event, in recent times, has gathered a political flavor, and it is not uncommon for political parties, and rich community groups to offer prizes amounting to lakhs of rupees. Some of the most famous handis are at ,Dadar,Lower Parel, Worli, Mazgaon, Lalbaug, Thane and Babu Genu, Mandai in Pune. 3] Cash and gifts are offered for Govinda troops to participate; for over 4,000 handis in Mumbai, 2000 Govinda troops compete for the prizes. In Manipur Janmaashtami, popularly known in Manipur as Krishna Janma, is a significant festival celebrated at two temples in Imphal, the capital city of Manipur. The first festival is at the Govindaji temple and the second is at the International Society for Kri shna Consciousness temple. Devotees of Lord Krishna gather mostly at the ISKCON temple. In North India In Uttar Pradesh where the lord was born in Mathura, his play ground Gokul and Vrindavan become more crowded and celebrations go up to a week. In Gujarat where the city Dwarka has Dwarkadhish temple celebrates it with pomp and joy. In the eastern state of Orissa, around Puri and West Bengal in Nabadwip, people celebrate it with fasting and doing puja at midnight. Purana Pravachana from Bhagavata Purana are done from the 10th Skandha which deals with pasttimes of Lord Krishna. The next day is called Nanda Utsav or the joyous celebration of Nanda Maharaj and Yashoda Maharaani. On that day people break their fast and offer various cooked sweets during the early hour.

Double-Consciousness Under the White Gaze - 875 Words

Double-consciousness under the White Gaze in Maud Martha The theme of double-consciousness was first defined by Du Bois in The Souls of the Black Folk. He put the term â€Å"double-consciousness† in a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world. It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twoness—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from†¦show more content†¦No need for weapons, physical violence or prohibition, it takes only a surveillant gaze to humble anyone, to make them the overseers of themselves. Luckily, Martha was a woman with artistic sensibility. Although living an ordinary life in a racist world, still she can find beauty and dign ity in her life. When she spared the mouse, she experienced a new cleanness in her because â€Å"she had not destroyed. In the center of that simple restraint was—creation. She had created a piece of life. It was wonderful.†(Brooks 1667) This is a prelude revealing that her subjectivity was budding. Later when she gave birth to a daughter, her subjectivity was much improved by this motherhood—she did create a new life who was totally dependent on her at that time. At the beauty salon, she was shocked that the salon owner Mrs. Johnson just put up with a white saleswoman’s humiliation of referring them as â€Å"niggers†. It is not difficult to associate to what happened when Martha went to millinery with this. She decided against the hat even though the owner promised to cut price, and this lack of manners was attributed to her skin color by the salesgirl. â€Å"Black—oh,black--† Her subjectivity is helpful yet not strong enough to figh t everything. When Paul was laid off she went to work as a house maid in the Burns-Coopers’, she experienced that white gaze even more violently because the white woman Mrs. CoopersShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby And 1984 Analysis1927 Words   |  8 Pagesoppress and exploit the proletariat through false consciousness. Both Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and George Orwell’s 1984 establishes societies that explores the Capitalism and Totalitarianism. George Orwell does that by setting 1984 in a futuristic totalitarian regime where the proletariat is under absolute control by the Party in order to eternalize their power over its citizens. 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Colonists began developing infrastructures which facilitated the exportation of raw material to metropolitan France. French Indochina It was a colony of commerce which was under the French rule in the 1860s and in the 1870s the Europeans began to settle here, in 1900 approximately 91 thousand settlers were classified European in the Indies. The metis population is also included in this estimate. Race and the Education ofRead MoreEssay on Jungian Psychology and Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness6193 Words   |  25 Pagesdarkness at the heart of Africa, taking its narrator, Marlow, on an underworld journey of individuation, a modern odyssey toward the center of the Self and the center of the Earth. Ego dissolves into soul as, in the interior, Marlow encounters his double in the powerful image of ivory-obsessed Kurtz, the dark shadow of European imperialism. 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Her hair is a star-filled night dotted with grey; her eyes are a cool, azure blue. A gleaming, nefarious smile lingers on her tightly drawn lips. Rise. She says, and a huntsman in front of her clambers to his feet. The huntsman is not at his best. He s haggard with traces of brown stubble appearing on his dark flesh. His usually lush hair is unkempt. My Lady, The huntsmanRead MoreThe Last Samurai: Hollywood and Orientalism2947 Words   |  12 Pagesbeen replaced by latent orientalism that is potentially planted in the sub-consciousness of the viewers. (Scurry 9) In other words, Orientalism knows influences its audience sometimes without them even realizing or recognizing they are being influenced. In the film The Last Samurai we see the embodiment of many orientalist characteristics. First, the film has typical â€Å"Japonerserie† stereotypes. Second, it has the typical white male protagonist savior who has superior abilities and authority over characters

Essay on The Role of Women in Marjane Satrapis Persepolis

Throughout Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi displays the vital role that the women around her have in developing her character and becoming the woman she is today. Women such as her mother, her grandmother, her school teachers, the maid, the neighbors, and even the guardians of the revolution influenced Marjane and caused her to develop into an independent, educated, and ambitious woman. Throughout the novel, Marjane never completely conforms or lets go of her roots, this is primarily due to the women who have influenced her. Marjane’s mother was one of the most influential people in her life, her mother taught her to be strong and independent. By introducing her mother through the story of her mother getting photographed at a†¦show more content†¦(7). Her grandmother also buys her books to help educate her on what is going on in their country (28). Both of these actions display that her grandmother wants her to be educated and also wants Marji to do whatever she desires and teaches her that she truly can be whatever she wishes. Before Marji leaves to go to Austria, her grandmother tells her â€Å"always keep your dignity and be true to yourself† (150). This is something that continually goes through Marji’s mind as she begins to make mistakes, being true to herself is something Marji is constantly struggling for and becomes a major theme throughout the novel. In the end of the novel Marji learns how to be true to herself and her ambitions as she divorces Reza and moves to Paris, which was an action heavily based on the ethics and teachings of her grandmother. Satrapi describes many other women throughout the novel who had an influence on her life and character as well. When she was young her maid, Mehri, fell in love with a neighbor but because she was not in his social class, the love was â€Å"impossible† as Marji’s father put it (37). This causes Marji to realize the despair social classes bring which leads Marji to her first demonstration and major act of rebellion (34-39). MarjaneShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s A Thousand Splendid Suns 1657 Words   |  7 PagesHosseini and Marjane Satrapi know that there is more to the Middle East than terrorism. Khaled Hosseini demonstrates his understanding of Afghanistan through Mariam’s and Laila’s lives in A Thousand Splendid Suns. Hosseini begins their tale during the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in the 1970’s and ties it off during the post-Taliban reconstruction of the early 2000’s. Hosseini himself was born in Kabul, Afghanistan and is a U.S. envoy to the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR). 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In Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, Marjane, the main character, li ves in Iran and is required, by fear of punishment, to wear a veil that only leaves her face uncovered. The veil becomes an importantRead MoreVisual Rhetoric in Persepolis1006 Words   |  5 PagesNils Tangemann Josh Holland English A SL C-Code Section: Part 3 Works read: Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis. Pantheon. New York. 2003 Question: How and why is a social group represented in a particular way? The Display of Revolutionists in Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis In Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis there are several important social groups that all play a role towards creating the whole picture that describes little Marji’s everyday life in 1970s Iran. The nature of the revolution during thatRead More Marjane Satrapis Persepolis3668 Words   |  15 Pagesin the sudden transition. As a member of the Iranian diaspora, Marjane Satrapi endured many hardships in her efforts to transition from Middle Eastern culture to a more modernist Western culture. Her series of graphic novel memoirs, Persepolis, depict her childhood growing up in Iran during both the Islamic Revolution and the Iran- Iraq War, and moving to Austria as one of many emigrants of Iran at the time. Marjane Satrapis memoir is just one example of an exile bearing the burden of memoryRead MoreOppression on Women in Margaret Atwoods the Handmaids Tale and Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis966 Words   |  4 PagesOppression on Women in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale and Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi, is memoir of a little girl growing in Iran. She refers to a secular pre revolutionary time through contrast, the oppressive characteristics of the fundamentalist government upon women in particular. Her work is a lot similar to Margaret Atwoods, A Handmaid’s Tale, in which the protagonist Offred reflects upon her former life’s freedom, cherishing her former name and in doingRead MorePersepolis630 Words   |  3 PagesPersepolis Essay Pesepolis is an autobiographical graphic novel depicting the life of Marjane Satrapi during the Iranian Revolution. In the early pages, Marjane illustrates that she saw herself as a prophet. She wanted to change the world, and with the help of God, she thought that she could. During Satrapi’s early childhood, the traditions and history of Iran had been going through drastic changes. The Iranian Revolution was when Iran’s monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrownRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Persepolis1205 Words   |  5 Pages Feminist Criticism in Persepolis Throughout Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis, she attempted to clarify the impulsive, stereotypical misinterpretations the western world placed on the Iranian comportment and political tendency of the people (www.bartleby.com ). She was infuriated by the generalizations and passionate about explicating the adequate condition (NY Film Festival Press Conference). By creating a book that illustrates her childlike perspective of the repressist world around her, SatrapiRead MoreFeminism: The Advocacy of Women ´s Right Essay example1300 Words   |  6 PagesChimamanda Ngozi Adichie and Persepolis Feminism: the advocacy of womens rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. 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Essay on no child left behind - 1844 Words

No Child Left Behind Act Introduction The No Child Left Behind tends to cause neglect to important subjects because they are non-tested subjects, such as Social Studies, Art, health, and Music. With the neglect of these subjects, there is more focusing that’s being done on the tested subjects, like Math and Reading. This may cause a greater impression that NCLB is a positive thing for our educational system but studies show this is misleading to the public. States can set their own standard test score levels and classrooms being able to set their own teaching schedules this can allow room for manipulation of the system. Even though the states have the ability to set their own standards the schools teachers and students who†¦show more content†¦This is misleading to the public when results of the test come back and show high scores, allowing them to think that the reason the scores are high is because the NCLB is working. This is another way someone is not directly changing the grades or the results of t he test but yet the situation is being manipulated to improve the impression given of the NCLB. The negative effect of these actions are the lack of trust we, the parents, can have in our school systems and the lack of education some students are receiving simply because they don’t test well. The concerns of the public need to be herd, lack of funding and lack of certified teachers, lead to lack of interest from students and parents. When Stanik The Public Education Network, did a three year study across the country, hearing people’s concerns and thought about the NCLB, they discovered that the concerns were high. Even though people thought that the NCLB had a good idea and had meant well, it left a lot of room for improvement, it left critical realities behind while trying enforce its ideas. (2007). Schools without money cannot teach on the same level as a school with money. When states don’t meet the standards then its money is denied. It seems like a never ending circle. The reality is schools without money cannot provide the proper learning equipment for students to learn. This results in low orShow MoreRelatedNo Child Left Behind958 Words   |  4 Pages Good intentions are no excuse to continue a fail policy. Since the No Child left Behind Act (NCLB) became in effect, teachers have been restricted to teach in a certain way. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002, which was a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. President Bush once said; â€Å"education is the gateway to a hopeful future for America’s children. America relies on good teachersRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind1974 Words   |  8 Pagesorder to improve education in America, we have to go to the root of our problem in the school system and find better ways to enforce new rules and regulations that wouldn’t be detrimental to both students, schools, and educators alike. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act is having a negative effect on our education system because it reduces the choices of schools for parents, and the distribution of qualified teachers. It also has a negative impact on the amount that kids are able to learn in schoolRead MoreNo Child Left Behind2277 Words   |  10 PagesIn the case of No Child Left Behind (N CLB), is politics the enemy of problem solving? By examining selected political controversies surrounding NCLB, it will be demonstrated that politics is the enemy. Since NCLB’s enactment, vast amounts of research literature and news stories have been published on its effects, which demonstrates the impact and debate generated by this law. The major goals of this bipartisan legislation were to improve student performance through standardized testing by usingRead More No Child Left Behind1472 Words   |  6 Pagesgone into many wars. Not just physical wars that I am considered about but also wars on education. The nation could destroy its own glory and way of the source of great future that it rely on by initiating a war on the minds of the children. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) is a federal education policy that was developed in 2001. (Lagana-Riordan and Aguilar 135). NCLB is a program designed to minimize the differences in the level of education that white or rich people get to poor African-American, HispanicRead MoreNo Child Left Behind555 Words   |  2 Pagesschools and their mission to build the mind and character of every child, from every background in every part of America.† Pr. George W. Bush. The No Child Left Behind Act has plenty of advantages such as: helping students with disabilities, guiding teachers and parents so that they can help the child, and push the child to succeed. Students with language disabilities will be at a disadvantage in reading. The No Child Left Behind has provides students with tutors and extra help with homework. PresidentRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1621 Words   |  7 Pages The support for the No Child Left Behind Act plummeted down shortly after the act passed. Many people supported the act at first simply because they supported the goals of the act, once they saw the results, their opinions changed. One of the biggest arguments towards No Child Left Behind is that it is unfair. People believed the resources of difference schools were unequal, and thought the Title 1 funding that the schools received should go to ensuring all schools had equal resources. Many peopleRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1670 Words   |  7 PagesKentucky-SW 630 Abstract This literature review seeks to explore the Every Student Succeeds Act (2015), a bipartisan reauthorization and revision to the No Child Left Behind Act (2002). The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is the first law passed in fourteen years to address Reneeded changes to the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Considered progressive and innovative at the time of its passage, NCLB was the most dramatic and aggressive legislation enacted in decades and afforded theRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind1333 Words   |  6 PagesHook: â€Å"I used to love teaching,† said Steve Eklund, a retired California teacher. â€Å"Four words drove me into retirement—No Child Left Behind. I could no longer tend to the needs and wants of my students. All I was supposed to do was to get them ready to take tests.† Intro (with thesis): The surviving NCLB mindset of standardized tests being an accurate measure of a students achievement is a problem because it affects our student’s education and increases performance pressure on teachers. WhatRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Essays1062 Words   |  5 Pages LITERATURE REVIEW Rushton talks about the funding for the No Child Left Behind is being held back if the students don’t do well on the standardized tests. So if the students don’t do well on the testing the teachers are being affected in the way of how much they are getting paid, also affects the school districts funding. This is encouraging the teachers not to teach the way they should, but they are teaching in the way of let’s just make the students do well on the standardized tests. In thisRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1418 Words   |  6 Pagessystematic oppression. The flowing water of oppression floods poor schools; drowning students with dreams, and giving no mercy. The only ones safe from the water are the privileged, who are oblivious to the fact that it exists. George Bush s No Child Left Behind Act, which passed in 2002, mandated annual standardized testing in math and reading. If schools received insufficient scores, they were punished or shut down. This fueled the construed concept that a school is only doing well if the students

Examining The Mediating Role of Engagement HRM

Question: Task 1 (This will form your introduction)You are required to select an organisation of your choice. (The only requirement is this organisation has to have a website). a) Introduce your organisation and provide a short description of what it is.b) The principles of management e.g., (remuneration, authority, order, discipline, division of work etc.) continually pose challenges for managers. Describe any two of the principles of management?Task 2 (You are now expected to build a profile of your organisation)Your editor enjoyed your opening to (task 1) and thinks your organisation could make an interesting article. He wants you to explain the organisation in more detail. a) Describe the organisations (size, structure and key operations).b) Outline the organisations key strategic objectives (i.e. goals targets) and explain how they plan to use the 4 functions of management (planning, organising, leading and controlling) to achieve them.Task 3 (This question evaluates the importance of culture)You have been debating with your line-manager about the importance of culture to an organisation. He argued that, Management culture is of no importance and has no influence on the success of the organisation!You disagree! Using the organisation you selected for task 1 write a reply to your line manager. Focus your reply on two key questions:a) Describe the importance of management culture to an organisation.b) How does culture impact the success of your chosen organisation? Task 4 (Business planning operations)Your editor is impressed with your work. He wants you to write a short paragraph on the importance of planning and operations to an organisation. Using the organisation you chose in (task 1), write a paragraph answering the following questions:a) Identify the key reasons why line-managers engage in the process of planning. b) Describe the steps taken in analysing the external environment of an organisation.Task 5 (Communication)Oh no! There has been a huge argumen t and your editor is no longer speaking to a senior member of staff from a different department. They are expected to have a close working relationship but effective lines of communication have broken down. As he is your senior, you do not feel you can raise the importance of this to him. You feel it would make a good article so you decide to write a brief note on the importance of effective communication between managers with different responsibilities. Your article must discuss the two following questions:a) Explain the consequences of a breakdown in communication to an organisation.b) Identify any two techniques/technologies (e.g. corporate instant messaging systems, intranet, team briefings) and explain how they could be used to prevent and overcome breakdowns in communication.Task 6 (This will form your conclusion)This application process has been competitive. Your manager gives you the good news; you have made the final 2. He has asked you both to:a) Explain 3 of the key lear nings from the tasks undertaken. Answer: Task 1 For this assignment, I have chosen British Petroleum as it is one of the premier oil and gas companies in the world. Also known as BP, it is one of the leading producers of oil and gas in different global locations. BP is headquartered in London and is a global leader in terms of market capitalization and revenue. Two of the principles of management have been considered and they are division of work and authority. Division of work is the distribution of work among the employees based on their knowledge and skills. It increases the productivity and promotes the efficiency of the existing workforce (Shafritz, Ott and Jang 2015). In addition, the speed and accuracy are also enhanced by this procedure and is beneficial for the managers. Authority is the process by which the managers give out orders to the employees of an organization to get the work done. It gives the right to the managers along with the responsibility to complete the designated work to the team in the given time (Williams 2013). Task 2 BP ranks as the fifth largest revenue earner and sixth largest market capitalization globally in the oil and gas market. It operates in more than 70 countries worldwide and has the capacity to produce about 3.3 million barrels of oil per day. The company has about 17,200 service stations globally and the total number of employees is about 79,800. The company has Bob Dudley as the CEO, Rupert Bondy as the general counsel and Brian Gilvary as the CFO. The organizational structure includes the top management officials like the executive vice president, director of human resources and chief operating officers for various locations. Chairman of the company is Carl Henric Svanberg and the areas of key operations are petroleum, motor fuels, natural gas, petrochemicals and aviation fuels. The prime business segments of the organization are oil and natural gas, oil marketing and refining and low and alternative carbon energy (bp.com, 2016). The key strategic objective of the company is the creation of value for the investors and provides benefits for the societies and communities where it operates. The company pursues its strategies by employing the distinctive capabilities, managing the quality portfolio and setting of clear priorities. The four functions of management like planning, organizing, leading and controlling are used by the organization for pursuing and achieving the key strategic objectives. The company plans to run compliant, reliable and safe operations as working on oil fields is a hazardous job. Therefore, planning is very essential prior to commencement (Li, Zhu and Lu 2014). The company organizes the available resources for delivering projects and competitive execution with disciplined financial choices. Leadership abilities of the company get reflected in its upstream and downstream businesses in the form of continuous improvement (Matejek and Gssling 2014). Controlling the resources for the developm ent of high-performance and energy efficient products for its customers is another aspect of the company. Therefore, all these management functions are blended by the organization for pursuing and achieving its key strategic objectives. Task 3 Dear Sir, In response to the debate we had regarding management culture, I would like to present to you the importance of management culture in an organization. Management culture decides the interaction of the employees at the workplace. A healthy management culture motivates the employees to stay loyal and this contributes towards the success of the organization. Management culture promotes healthy competition in the organization and the employees try their best to outperform their colleagues for earning appreciation and recognition from the organization (Alvesson 2012). Management culture lays down certain predefined policies guiding the employees and provides them with a sense of direction in workplace. Employees become confident about their responsibilities and roles and acquire complete knowledge about the importance of deadlines. Employees from various backgrounds get united due to management cultures. Therefore, it is evident that management culture is crucial for the success of an org anization (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). The management culture of BP is based on maximizing investments, engineering firsts and scientific breakthroughs. This assures that fact that BP values the perspective of every employee and this gives an opportunity to make an impact in the organization. The management culture of BP promotes a culture of respect and openness where the ideas and expertise of the employees are valued. This motivates them to stay loyal to the organization and perform better. The employees are treated with the genuine consideration that motivates them to bring out their best in their efforts and builds the foundation for a healthy competition. The employees are provided a range of benefits and their differences are celebrated that makes them confident about their roles and responsibilities and keeps them united (C. Valvi and C. Fragkos 2013). Sir, I believe this will help you to understand the success secret of BP and the importance of management culture in the success of an organization. Task 4 Line managers play an important role in building up the engagement and spirit of a team because they affect the self-belief, focus and atmosphere of the team. It is important to engage the line managers in the process of planning as they set the priorities, objectives and aims of their respective work area and further communicate this to their team members. It is essential to plan the work of the individual team members on a daily or weekly basis or even on a broader scale of monthly or yearly objectives. Since the line managers are directly involved with the individual team members, therefore they have to be engaged with the process of planning depending upon their level of responsibilities (Alfes et al. 2013). It is important to deploy the available resources to achieve the objectives of the organization and this requires strategic planning. Line managers can be beneficial in this regard as they are responsible for maneuvering the members of a team and an effective plan can be desi gned with their contribution and assistance. The external environment of an organization can be analyzed using the tools PESTLE analysis, Porters Five Forces and VRIO framework. The external environment analysis of BP consists of threats, opportunities, international competition and competitor analysis. From the PESTLE analysis of BP, the political, economic, legal, technological, social and environmental factors are thoroughly analyzed based on the individual demographics of its operations (Veil, Sellnow and Wickline 2013). In addition, the potential entrants, buyers, suppliers, threat of substitutes and competitive rivalry are the five external factors that are analyzed to assess the external environment in BP. Analyzing the external environment can help to strengthen the financial resources and manage the accidental hazards of the organization. Following the results of the analysis can help to reduce the environmental risks, reduce the pollution and help to prosper BP as the global leader in the oil and gas sector. Task 5 Communication is the process of understanding and passing over of information. By communication, information is made productive, change is made effective and behavior is modified for achieving the goals of the organization. There can be several reasons for the breakdown of communication between managers with different responsibilities in an organization and the consequences are often found to be degrading. Communication is a veritable tool for the maintenance of effective relationship in an organization and without it, the organization will not be able to achieve its goals. The plans get chartered and quarrel develops between the employees from different departments. A violent environment is created where peaceful decision making becomes difficult and this disorganizes the employee performance. Other common consequences of communication breakdown are rumors, employee slander, incomplete information, misinterpretation and misinformation (Coombs 2014). Staff morale starts lowering and conflicts become regular with the productive environment getting damaged. Therefore, communication is very much essential to maintain the harmony in an organization. Effective communication is important for management of a business and corporate instant messaging is a technology that can help to build up effective communication among the employees of an organization. It is a good medium for group chat where employees can share their views on a particular subject. It helps to connect the team members who are in off-site locations and stay updated with the reports. It serves to save space and money as it can be considered as an alternative to telephone calls and emails (Digate et al. 2013). Team briefing is another effective technique to prevent and overcome breakdowns in communication. Team briefings help to bring the managers from different departments face to face for delivering information, collect feedback and ask questions. Team briefing is highly efficient in enabling the communication sideways, downwards and upwards in an organization. Face to face communication between the managers and their teams helps in the effective and efficient opera tion of an organization. Therefore, these are the two techniques by which communication can be maintained without any barriers. Task 6 The key learning from the tasks undertaken in this assignment can be explained as the importance of culture in an organization, business planning and operations and importance of communication from the perspectives of an eminent organization like BP. It was understood that management culture is a source of competitive advantage as it helps the employees to understand the behaviors that are appropriate in an organization. The operations and business plan help to understand the responsibility structure of the managers in an organization. Analysis of the external environment helps to identify the potential business opportunities and threats that exist in various operational locations. Strategic execution of the business plans helps an organization to build up an effective business. Effective communication is important for the managers for performing the basic managerial functions. Various techniques and technologies can help to develop effective communication in an organization. These l earning can be effective in delivering the services of a business editor as it gives a detailed summary of the various business operations and the related issues. References Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E.C., Rees, C. and Gatenby, M., 2013. The relationship between line manager behavior, perceived HRM practices, and individual performance: Examining the mediating role of engagement.Human resource management,52(6), pp.839-859. Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Alvesson, M., 2012.Understanding organizational culture. Sage. bp.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.bp.com/ [Accessed 22 Jul. 2016]. Valvi, A. and C. Fragkos, K., 2013. Crisis communication strategies: A case of British Petroleum.Industrial and Commercial Training,45(7), pp.383-391. Coombs, W.T., 2014.Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Sage Publications. Digate, C.J., Herot, C.F., Ketudat, T., Kopikis, A.M. and Teven, D.J., Devereux Research Ab Llc, 2013.System and method for immediate and delayed real-time communication activities using availability data from communication through an external instant messaging system. U.S. Patent 8,375,092. Li, S., Zhu, J. and Lu, K., 2014, February. A Case Study in Strategic Sustainability: British Petroleum (BP) Company. In2014 International Conference on Information, Business and Education Technology (ICIBET 2014). Atlantis Press. Matejek, S. and Gssling, T., 2014. Beyond legitimacy: A case study in BPs green lashing.Journal of business ethics,120(4), pp.571-584. Shafritz, J.M., Ott, J.S. and Jang, Y.S., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Veil, S.R., Sellnow, T.L. and Wickline, M.C., 2013. British petroleum: An egregious violation of the ethic of first and second things.Business and Society Review,118(3), pp.361-381. Williams, C., 2013.Principles of management. South-Western Cengage Learning.